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爆炸 & 强行进入/弹道防护

容纳关键资产的建筑物通常必须满足爆炸以及强制进入/抗弹道(FE/BR)设计要求,以减轻与恐怖主义相关的危险影响. 历史上,这些建筑都是用混凝土和钢铁建造的. 已经进行了大量的测试,以证明这些建筑材料抵抗爆炸和FE/BR威胁的能力. 针对类似的威胁,对木结构进行的测试较少. 至少部分原因是设计轻框架木结构以有效和经济地抵御这些威胁的相对困难.

然而, 大量木结构建筑的出现, 尤其是交叉层压木材(CLT), 都在美国.S. 与国际, 提供了一个机会,为业主和建筑师开发高安全性建筑提供可持续的建筑材料替代品. The solid, panelized nature of CLT allows for both inherent strength and ease of construction.  进一步, as connections for CLT panels typically consist of steel and timber elements, 延性吸能板附件相对容易设计. 

过去的你.S. Forest Service-sponsored efforts have been used to generate design guidance for CLT construction exposed to blast loads—i.e., 防护设计中心技术报告(PDC-TR) 18-02:暴露在风荷载下的交叉层压木结构的分析指南 (PDC-TR 18-02),由美国出版.S. 陆军工程兵团. 另外, testing funded by a 2019 Wood Innovation Grant demonstrated the feasibility (in terms of performance, 成本, and weight) of embedding thin steel plates within a CLT panel to defeat Department of State (DoS) blast, 弹道, 强行进入威胁. Below is a summary of the testing performed to date, along with pertinent reports and references.


防爆炸

爆炸 design requirements are specific to a facility’s governing jurisdiction and defined in various standards. 与爆破设计相关的几个众所周知的标准包括:

  • Ufc 4-010-01.S. 国防部(DoD)的防爆设计要求用于反恐
  • Ufc 3-340-02: u.S. DoD blast design requirements for accidental explosions of ammunition or explosives
  • ISC风险管理流程:非军事美国.S. 美国联邦政府爆炸设计要求.S. 设施
  • OBO建筑规范:U.S. 防爆设计要求
  • ASCE 59-11:非政府设施的爆破设计要求

到目前为止,CLT板的爆炸测试主要集中在美国.S. DoD antiterrorism requirements included in UFC 4-010-01 (2013); however, 满足其他爆破设计要求的爆破试验正在进行中. Highlights from several blast tests performed to date are included in the following videos: 

爆炸试验3视频:

在这个测试中, the timing of the negative phase blast loading aligned with the wall panel’s rebound response, 是什么导致了回弹时的位移响应大于入流时的.  该试验强调了设计CLT墙板连接的重要性,这些连接可能暴露在爆炸载荷下,从而产生入射和回弹响应, 特别是用于承重CLT墙板.

爆炸试验5视频:

This test was identical to Test 3, except an axial preload of roughly ten percent of F’cA平行 被放置在面对爆炸的CLT墙板上. 而试验3墙板破裂, 测试5墙板没有, 说明轴向荷载对接近弹性极限动应力CLT板位移响应的积极影响.

爆炸试验7视频:

Test 7 was designed to rupture 5-ply CLT wall panels installed on one of the three CLT test structures. As the other two structures had much weaker wall panels facing the detonation (i.e., 3层CLT和2×4钉层压木材(NLT), this test illustrated the response of mass timber panels that were intentionally overloaded by the imposed blast loading.

爆破7层试验视频:

7层 Test was designed to displace 7层 CLT wall panels well beyond their elastic limit. 测试表明, 即使在位移延性为3的情况下, 与7层CLT板相关的危险碎片可以忽略不计.

如何为爆炸荷载设计CLT?

PDC-TR 18-02: Analysis Guidance for Cross-Laminated Timber Construction Exposed to Airblast Loading gives 工程师 trained in structural dynamics information they need to analyze and design CLT structures for blast loads. WoodWorks参与了导致本文档的测试, 并且还创建了资源来帮助工程师们使用它.

迄今为止进行的爆炸试验的结果

Mass timber structural systems can effectively resist blast loads in the elastic range with little noticeable damage. 由于大质量木板的强度相对较高,刚度较低, significant blast loads can be resisted by mass timber panels in the elastic response range.

大质量木板的峰后响应比较脆. 然而, CLT系统, the presence of multiple plies allows for measurable residual strength following initial panel rupture. 另外, the two-way action inherent in CLT provides a means for load distribution across the panel, 从而限制了在峰值加载位置的损伤. NLT systems do not have this advantage of cross lamination and thus do not exhibit these post-peak response benefits.

前提是紧固件穿透深度足够, significant blast loads can be resisted and transferred through CLT connections that are both simple and quick to install. 另一个好处是,与CLT结构相关的榫式连接极限状态通常具有延展性,因为当剪切载荷超过其各自的弹性极限时,木材和/或钢材倾向于粉碎和屈服.

爆炸试验结果表明,单自由度动力分析可以近似计算无开口夹层板的面外位移峰值. 用于近似PDC-TR 18-02规定的期望极限抗力的静态和动态增加因子与竞技场爆炸试验结果具有良好的相关性.

由于爆炸载荷而出现局部破裂的承重CLT板能够抵抗其服务轴向载荷,前提是面板的位移延展性限制在2.

CLT面板的回弹响应通常控制其入站响应, 因此,在设计用于爆炸荷载的CLT组件和系统时,突出了考虑爆炸荷载负相位的重要性.

视觉分级的CLT板比ANSI/APA PRG 320性能等级交叉层压木材标准中定义的特征值显示出更大的面外弯曲强度.

而目前进行的试验为CLT结构的爆破设计指导提供了坚实的基础, 下列领域的进一步研究将有助于减少这种结构的分析和设计方法的保守性:

  • PRG 320附录A中CLT板的小强度方向弯曲强度值从最终响应角度来看过于保守. 进一步的测试证明在次要强度方向上更有代表性的峰值弯曲强度,可能允许在爆炸荷载结构中设计更经济的开口. 另外, 更好地量化小强度方向强度和刚度,可以更明确地考虑CLT结构中固有的双向作用.
  • 额外的5层爆炸试验, 7层, 和9层板是评估PDC-TR 18-02中定义的SDOF阻力函数方法的稳健性所必需的.
  • 在与爆炸相关的应变速率下,不同木材种类和销钉式连接的动态特性将有助于改进设计中使用的动态增加因子(dif).

下载爆炸测试报告如下.


弹道保护

Ballistic design requirements are specific to a facility’s governing jurisdiction and defined in various standards. 与弹道设计相关的几个众所周知的标准包括:

  • STD-SD-01.01、修订H: U.S. 弹道设计要求
  • Ufc 4-023-07.S. 国防部直接火力武器设计指南
  • ASTM F1233:弹道冲击试验程序

Much of the 弹道 testing on CLT panels performed to date has focused on U.S. 军事远征设施和DoS设施.

迄今为止进行的弹道试验结果

Through a series of 弹道 tests performed on softwood CLT targets, Sanborn et al. (2019)发现,UFC 4-023-07中的方程一直在很大程度上高估了球形钢弹的侵彻. (K. 桑伯恩T. R. 绅士,Z. 科赫,. Valkenburg C. 康利和L. K. 斯图尔特, 交叉层压木材(CLT)的弹道性能,《皇冠2登录welcome》, 卷. 128, pp. 11-23, 2019.)

CLT panels can be modified to defeat the 弹道 threat defined in SD-STD-01.以一种相对划算的方式. 在考虑的候选面板设计中, the optimal means of defeating these projectiles is by introducing steel plates into the layup. 而钢板的增加增加了成本, 与集成板相关的成本加价比引入可以挫败DoS弹道导弹威胁的金属丝网或硬木种类要小.

下载下面的弹道测试报告.

大型木材CLT块准备进行弹道测试

强行进入防护

Forced entry design requirements are specific to a facility’s governing jurisdiction and defined in various standards. 与强制进入设计相关的几个众所周知的标准包括:

  • STD-SD-01.01、修订H: U.S. DoS强制进入设计要求
  • Ufc 4-026-01.S. 国防部强制进入设计要求
  • ASTM F1233:钝/锋利工具冲击的试验程序

Only one known forced entry test has been performed on CLT to date, which is described below.

迄今为止进行的强行进入试验的结果

一个标准的7层CLT面板组成的No. 2 SPF-S lumber in both the major and minor strength directions resisted a FE attack performed in accordance with SD-STD-01.01分44分钟. 正如美国的大多数元素一样.S. DoS设施只需要15分钟或更少的FE评级, 该测试结果表明,典型的7层CLT面板足以满足DoS设施中大多数硬化外壳的情况. 适用于DoS设施内的高度保安地点(例如.g.(安全港),需要60分钟的FE抵抗. 达到60分钟FE保护, 更厚和/或更多层, 更硬和/或密度更大的木材, or some kind of steel element can be incorporated into the CLT panel’s layup to provide this protection.

下载下面的强制进入测试报告.


新测试正在进行

几项涉及CLT和爆破的测试工作, 弹道, 强行进入的威胁正在进行中:

  • Quasi-static testing of full-scale CLT panels with embedded ductile elements. 这些加固的CLT板是为了抵抗爆炸而设计的, 弹道, 以及DoS设施的强制进入设计要求. 如果测试结果显示出希望, the intent is to extend this research effort to include blast testing on reinforced CLT panels.
  • 5层及更厚的CLT板的爆炸试验. 这些部件级试验旨在研究提高PDC-TR 18-02中包含的非承重CLT板的响应极限的潜力,并开发一种分析方法,用于暴露在大爆炸载荷下的开口CLT板.
  • 在DoS设施中遇到的典型细节条件的FE/BR测试. These tests aim to certify typical detailing conditions according to SD-STD-01.01、修订版H.

Does all this mean CLT can be used in a project with protective response requirements?

CLT可用于许多有防护设计要求的工程. 在PDC-TR 18-02中记录了设计用于爆炸载荷的CLT板的方法, 预计在不久的将来将根据上述测试的结果产生PDC-TR 18-02的修订版. 典型的FE/BR细节和铺层指导.S. DoS 设施 are also expected to be included in DoS facility design guidance documentation in the coming years. 

适用于PDC-TR 18-02范围以外的应用, 关于这些FE/BR细节的询问, 或者其他与木材工程防护设计相关的问题, 联系你当地的木厂区域总监.